Professor Noam Chomsky revolutionized linguistics in 1957 with his publication of Syntactic Structures, and his Chomsky hierarchy from the previous year remains a foundation stone in computer science for programming languages. But programming languages are a far cry from speaking A.I., and Chomsky’s unprecedented success in that part of linguistics should bear the blame for holding back the advancement in another part of linguistics — the use of human language for A.I.

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